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University  of  California  •  Berkeley 


PRICE    THREE    CENTS 


A  Tract  for  the  Day. 


H0¥  TO  CONQUER  TEXAS, 


BEFORE   TEXAS   CONQUERS   US. 


B00ton : 

REDDING  &  CO.   8  STATE  ST, 
March  17,  1845, 


orfi  nol  - 


M/JT  Ha  i 


*. 


no! 


T8 


FREEDOM  IN  TEXAS. 


WHAT  shall  we  do  ? 

The  Senate  has  passed  the  annexation  resolu- 
tions. 

The  House  has  assented  to  the  compromise 
amendment,  which  compromises  nothing  but  the 
integrity  and  honor  of  two  Senators. 

Mr.  Tyler  has  signed  the  resolves. 

Massachusetts  and  New  England  have  resolved, 
in  this  emergency,  not  to  withdraw  from  the  Union. 
They  have  resolved  rightly.  They  have  preferred 
still  to  do  in  the  Union,  what  measure  of  good  they 
might,  although  the  instrument  of  union  is  thus 
rudely  attacked  and  wounded. 

Massachusetts,  or  again  let  us  say  New  England, 
desires  to  do  what  of  good  may  still  be  done,  not- 
withstanding this  reckless  action  of  a  partizan  Con- 
gress. 

The  scene  of  action,  however,  is  now  removed. 
New  England  can  no  longer  hope  to  effect  any  thing 
by  the  eloquence  of  her  statesmen  in  Congress. 
Texas  itself  is  the  proper  scene  for  her  future  ef- 


4 

forts.     Good  men  and  true  have  now  to  labor  in  and 
on  Texas,  to  avert  the  dangers  of  annexation. 
Those  dangers  were  manifold.     They  included 

I.  The  injury   inflicted  by  the  measure  on   the 

Federal  Constitution. 

/ 

II.  The  weakness  of  the   Federal  Government, 
more  dangerous   as   the    extent  of  territory  of  the 
Union  increases. 

III.  The  continuation,  through  an  undefined  time, 
of  slavery,  in  a  region  adapted  to  it  as  Texas  is  by 
its  position. 

IV.  The  destruction  of  the  balance  of  power  be- 
tween free  and  slave  States,  and  Atlantic  and  west- 
ern States.* 

V.  The   introduction   into  the  Union  of  an  un- 
principled population  of  adventurers,  with  all  the 
privileges  of  a  State  of  naturalized  citizens. 

VI.  The  creation  of  an  enormous  State,  in  time 
to  become  the  real  Empire  State  of  the  country. 
Texas,  with  three  hundred  and  ten  thousand  square 
miles  of  territory,  is  admitted  as  one  State,  into  the 
Union.    If  she  remain  such,  she  will  prove  the  Aus- 
tria of  the  confederacy,  to  overrule  all  opposition. t 

Of  these  evils,  the  two  first  are  now  past  remedy. 
They  were  inflicted,  and  inflicted  for  ever,  when 
Mr.  Tyler  set  his  name  to  the  Joint  Resolutions. 

The  other  evils,  however,  all  suppose  a  condition 
which  it  is  still  in  the  power  of  northern  men  to 

overthrow. 

•  o)  •» 

*  See  Appendix  A.         t  See  Appendix  B. 


5 

They  suppose,  that  is,  that  the  population  of  Tex- 
as, with  the  rapid  increase  which  it  shall  gain  when 
united  to  this  Confederacy,  is  to  be  a  slave-holding 
population  ;  a  population  of  the  same  views  and 
principles  with  that  which  first  colonized  the  coun- 
try, and  which  now  holds  it. 

In  the  ordinary  course  of  emigration,  this  supposi- 
tion would  prove  true.  Must  it  prove  true,  how- 
ever ?  May  not  northern  men, — northern  capital- 
ists, northern  emigrants,  northern  fathers  and  moth- 
ers, northern  teachers  and  pupils, — change  this  con- 
dition ?  May  not  the  north  pour  down  its  hordes 
upon  these  fertile  valleys,  and  bear  civilization,  and 
Christianity  and  freedom  into  their  recesses  ?  North- 
ern energy  has  peopled  and  civilized  southern  coun- 
tries heretofore — may  it  not  again  ? 

We  ask  to  the  questions  the  attention  of  all  con- 
siderate men,  who  view  the  admission  to  the  Union, 
of  Texas,  as  Texas  now  is,  as  an  evil.  We  may  not, 
we  ought  not  to  leave  Texas  as  it  is.  We  ought,  by 
acting  in  Texas,  by  our  emigrants  in  Texas,  by  our 
moral  influence  in  Texas,  by  our  votes  in  Texas,  to 
continue  there  the  contest  of  freedom,  in  the  first 
skirmish  of  which  we  have  been  defeated.  We 
ought  thus  to  prevent  the  four  last  evils  which  have 
been  named.  We  ought  to  hasten  the  end  of  slave- 
ry in  South  Eastern  Texas,  and  make  Northern  and 
Western  Texas  free.  We  ought  to  restore  the  bal- 
ance of  power  between  the  free  and  slave  States. 
We  ought  to  place  in  Texas  a  population  of  high 
principle,  if  we  can  ;  and  we  ought  to  attain  such 
influence  in  Texan  councils,  that  Texas  shall  be 


from  time  to  time  subdivided,  as  need  may  be. 
Such  a  subdivision  will  never  take  place,  if  all  Texas 
is  to  hold  slaves,  unless  the  federal  Union  pay 
roundly  for  it.  Why  should  it  ?  Why  should  Texas 
subdivide  herself,  if  she  be  a  State  of  homogeneous 
interest,  and  if  by  remaining  whole  she  can  control 
the  Union? 

There  can  be  no  question  that  Texas,  particularly 
the  upper  country  of  Texas,  is  naturally  one  of  the 
finest  agricultural  countries  in  the  world. 

"  The  country,"  says  Iken,  "  is  naturally  divided 
into  three  separate  regions,  which  in  many  respects 
differ  from  each  other.  The  first,  a  level  region,  ex- 
tends along  the  coast,  with  a  breadth  inland  varying 
from  one  hundred  miles  where  greatest,  in  the  cen- 
tre, to  seventy  and  thirty  miles  ;  being  most  contract- 
ed towards  the  south-west  extremity.  The  soil 
of  this  region  is  a  rich  alluvium,  with  scarcely  a 
stone,  yet  singularly  free  from  stagnant  swamps. 
Broad  woodlands  fringe  the  banks  of  the  rivers,  be- 
tween which  are  extensive  pasture  lands.  The  se- 
cond division,  the  largest  of  the  three,  is  the  undu- 
lating or  rolling  prairie  region,  which  extends  for  one 
hundred  and  fifty  or  two  hundred  miles  farther  in- 
land, its  wide  grassy  tracts  alternating  with  others 
that  are  thickly  timbered.  These  last  are  especially 
prevalent  in  the  east,  though  the  bottoms  and  river- 
valleys  throughout  the  whole  region  are  well  wood- 
ed. Limestone  and  sandstone  form  the  common 
substrata  of  this  region ;  the  upper  soil  consists 
of  a  rich  friable  loam,  mixed  indeed  with  sand,  but 
seldom  to  such  an  extent  as  to  prevent  the  culture 


of  the  most  exhausting  products.  The  third,  or 
mountainous  region,  situated  principally  on  the  west 
or  southwest,  forms  part  of  the  great  Sierra  Madre, 
or  Mexican  Alps,  but  little  explored,  and  still  unset- 
tled." 

Of  the  midland  district,  the  English  traveller, 
Mrs.  Houston,  speaks,  from  the  observations  of  those 
who  had  seen  it,  in  these  words  : 

"  To  the  lowlands,  which  are  certainly  not 
healthy,  but  wonderfully  rich  and  productive,  suc- 
ceed the  beautifully  undulating  Rolling  Prairies. 
Nothing  can  surpass  this  portion  of  Texas  in  natural 
attractions ;  its  ever  verdant  prairies  resemble  our 
most  beautiful  parks  ;  magnificent  clumps  of  timber 
are  scattered  over  its  surface,  and  its  valleys  are 
watered  by  quick-running  streams." 

It  will  be  remembered  that  in  the  whole  of  this 
Republic  there  are  not  now,  at  the  largest  computa- 
tion, more  than  three  hundred  thousand  persons. 
Its  population  is  about  that  of  the  State  of  New 
Hampshire.  The  most  thickly  settled  portion  of  the 
district  is  the  lowland.  Most  easily  cultivated,  most 
fit  for  that  barbarous  rudeness  of  labor,  which  alone 
is  possible  in  a  slave  country,  this  district,  if  we  are 
rightly  informed,  has  filled  up  most  rapidly.  To 
freemen,  however,  the  midland  district  offers  equal 
or  superior  advantages.  The  climate  is  better  ;  the 
cooler  air  and  consequent  vigor  and  health,  give  an 
advantage  which  the  slight  ease  of  tillage  gained  on 
the  sea  coast  does  not  counterbalance.  It  is  already 
an  extensive  grazing  country,  and  it  would  seem 
that  the  agricultural  product  can  scarcely  be  named, 


8 

which  may  not  be  raised  there.  Maize,  rye,  barley, 
and  oats  ;  peaches,  melons,  figs,  and  in  the  warmer 
sections  olives,  dates,  pine-apples,  oranges  and  le- 
mons; the  sugar-cane,  tobacco,  and  short  stapled 
cotton,  are  all  mentioned  among  successful  crops  in 
this  midland  region. 

It  is  not  wild  nor  Utopian  to  hope  that,  by  a  sys- 
tematic and  united  effort,  free  emigration,  and  free 
labor,  and  free  institutions,  may  attain  a  predomi- 
nance in  this  territory.  As  we  have  said,  it  is  as 
yet  thinly  settled.  The  inland  parts  of  Texas,  and 
more  especially  those  directly  west  of  Louisiana, 
and  south  and  west  of  our  Indian  territory,*  do  not 
now  contain  an  individual  to  the  square  mile.  In 
those  parts,  if  northern  settlers  will  turn  thither,  if 
northern  capitalists  will  assist  them,  if  northern  as- 
sociations will  unite  them,  if  Christian  principles 
will  rule  them, — in  those  parts  may  be  planted  free- 
dom in  Texas.  Those  parts  of  the  country  may  one 
day  be  its  wealthiest,  its  strongest,  and  its  most 
populous  parts.  Those  parts  may  at  no  distant  day 
supply  by  their  looms  and  their  workshops,  the  man- 
ufactures which  their  slave-holding  neighbors  need. 
Those  free  States  shall  hem  in,  shall  discountenance, 
shall  work  the  end  of1  the  domestic  institution. 
Their  institutions  of  learning,  their  schools  and  col- 
leges, and  libraries,  shall  enlighten  Texas.  And  it 
is  not  impossible  that  this  result  may  come  soon.  It 

is  not  extravagant  to  hope  for  it. 



*  The  territory  to  which  the  Indians  have  been  removed  by  the  U.  S.  government, 
comprises  the  districts  west  of  Arkansas  and  Missouri.  It  has  been  ceded  to  the  re 
moved  tribes  for  ever. 


There  does  not  need  any  spasmodic  exertion,  any 
self-sacrifice,  any  crusading  spirit,  to  effect  it.  The 
means  are  already  at  work  which  may  compass  it,  if 
principle,  and  morals,  and  religion  can  direct  them. 
Those  means  are  found  in  the  immense  emigration 
now  in  progress,  from  free  States.  The  only  labor 
necessary  to  those  who  would  free  Texas,  or  a  part 
of  Texas,  is  in  turning  a  comparatively  small  part  of 
this  emigration  thither.  Some  farther  pains  will  be 
needed,  that  such  settlers  shall  not  forget  their  north- 
ern feelings  beneath  a  southern  sun  ;  that  they  shall 
retain  the  love  of  labor  and  the  hatred  of  slavery, 
which  they  feel  sincerely  when  they  leave  their 
homes.  A  calculation,  based  on  the  censuses  of 
1830  and  1840,*  gives  us  a  view  of  the  emigration 
from  free  States  during  that  period,  which  we  may 
fairly  take  for  the  basis  of  calculation  for  the  present 
time.  That  emigration  has  doubtless  increased  with 
the  increase  of  the  population  of  the  country.  The 
westward  emigration  of  that  period  was  at  the  ave- 
rage rate  of  two  per  cent,  of  the  population  of  the 
old  free  States  at  its  commencement.  If  that  ave- 
rage were  precisely  correct  at  the  present  time,  the 
westward  emigration  of  the  present  year,  1845, 
would  be  129,261  individuals.  The  emigration  of 
ten  years,  between  1840  and  1850,  from  the  old 
free  States,  to  the  new  free  States  and  territories, 
will  probably  prove  to  be  about  1,300,000  persons. 
That  of  the  ten  years  between  1830  and  1840  was 
something  more  than  1,000,000  persons. 

Now,  cannot  Northern  Texas,  south  of  the  ridicu- 

*  Sec  Appendix  C. 


10 

lous  "  compromise  line,3'*  be  included  among  these 
free  States  and  territories  ?  It  is  what  Wisconsin 
was  five  years  since*  Cannot  some  part  of  this  em- 
igration of  northern  free  men  and  women  be  led 
thither  ?  If  only  a  tenth  part  took  that  course,  there 
would  be  in  1855  a  population  of  150,000  free  men 
in  those  districts.  There  would  not  be  a  half  or  a 
quarter  of  that  number  of  slaveholders.  Place  free 
and  slave  labor  together,  on  fair  ground,  with  no 
prejudice  to  favor  the  one  or  the  other,  and  as  sure 
as  God's  word  is  true,  as  sure  as  truth  is  stronger 
than  falsehood,  as  sure  as  hope  is  stronger  than  fear, 
as  sure  as  the  soul,  and  the  heart,  and  the  mind,  have 
more  power  than  passions  or  terrors,  in  inducing 
men  to  labor, — so  surely  will  free  labor  obtain  a 
hold  in  any  country,  and  drive  out  the  forced  labor 
of  slaves. 

Though  the  space  allowed  in  this  pamphlet  scarce- 
ly permits  allusion  to  any  but  the  political  and  moral 
inducements  to  such  a  turn  of  emigration,  it  offers  a 
full  display  of  temptations  to  the  settler,  even  had 
he  not  such  views  as  these.  So  he  be  assured  that 
the  new  States  to  be  made  in  Northern  Texas  shall 
be  free  States,  that  his  children  and  his  children's 
children  shall  grow  up  in  a  truly  free  land,  he  will 
find  in  Texas  a  thousand  advantages  which  neither 
Michigan,  nor  Wisconsin,  nor  Iowa,  nor  Illinois  can 
offer.  The  climate  is  milder,  the  variety  of  timber 
is  greater,  and  it  is  more  generally  dispersed  ; — the 
soil  is  as  good  as  any  in  the  world.  The  published 
accounts  of  the  midlands  of  Texas,  from  which  we 

*  See  Appendix  D. 


11 

have  already  quoted  a  few  words,  will  show  them  to 
be  as  fine  territory  as  the  world  affords. 

To  bodies  of  settlers  from  the  Eastern  States,  it 
would  scarcely  be  more  difficult  to  reach  these  dis- 
tricts than  to  remove  themselves  to  Wisconsin  or 
Iowa.  Galveston,  or  New  Orleans,  give  ready  ac- 
cess to  them  ;  New  Orleans  to  the  Red  River  lands, 
or  Galveston  to  those  in  other  parts  of  Texas. 
Freight  and  passage  to  either  of  these  ports  may  at 
all  times  be  readily  obtained  in  any  of  the  Atlantic 
seaports ;  and  once  arrived  at  either,  the  remainder 
of  a  settler's  journey  is  less  arduous  than  would  be 
the  close  of  it,  if  he  went  wholly  by  land  to  a  North 
Western  State, 

Such  being  the  ease  of  emigration,  it  does  not 
seem  absurd  to  hope  that  a  part  of  the  army  of  set- 
tlers who  are  leaving  their  homes  this  year, — who 
will  leave  their  homes  for  years  to  come, — will 
march  into  the  fertile  prairies  and  woodlands  of 
Texas. 

Is  it  too  much  to  hope  that  they  will  carry  with 
them  the  principles  of  their  first  homes  ?  Is  it  too 
much  to  ask  them  to  live  there,  to  die  there,  and  to 
vote  there,  freemen  ;  and  never  to  surrender  them- 
selves in  bondage  to  the  most  corrupting  institution 
that  the  world  knows  ?  Surely  there  is  no  reason 
to  fear  that  if  they  are  surrounded  by  a  large  enough 
number  of  persons  of  their  own  feelings  and  sympa- 
thies, they  will  fall  back  to  the  customs  which  now 
unfortunately  rule  the  country  where  they  are  to 
settle  !  Such  an  effort  to  introduce  free  labor  and 
free  institutions  on  the  virgin  soil  of  a  new  republic, 


12 

must  command  the  sympathy  of  freemen  and  of 
Christians  the  world  over.  It  must  arouse  to  the 
full  the  zeal  of  those  who  are  embarked  in  it.  They 
would  labor  not  only  as  adventurers  in  a  new  land, 
but  as  the  pilgrims  who  were  the  pioneers  there  of 
a  great  principle.  And  through  these  means  they 
would  receive  the  blessing  of  that  Providence  which, 
though  it  employ  human  means,  always  smiles  on 
such  high  principle,  and  guides  it  to  success. 

The  result  of  such  an  emigration  as  has  been  sup- 
posed, on  the  basis  suggested,  would  be  speedy  and 
important.  If  one  tenth  of  the  settlers  who  will 
leave  the  old  free  States,  within  the  ten  next  years, 
should  settle  in  Texas,  there  would  be  a  population 
in  the  midlands  and  uplands  of  Texas,  at  the  end  of 
that  time,  and  probably  before,  of  more  than  200,000 
people.  A  great  majority  of  these  would  be  attach- 
ed to  free  institutions.  Here  would  be  the  materi- 
al for  two  new  free  States,  who  would  have  such  a 
voice  in  the  Texan  legislature,  as  to  compel  their 
separation  wrhen  they  should  demand  it,  and  who 
would  be  ready  to  join  this  Union  as  separate  and 
independent  States,  before  more  than  one  slave 
State  could  be  carved  out  of  the  remainder  of  Texas. 
On  the  ordinary  calculation  that  five  persons  com- 
pose a  family,  the  emigration  from  the  old  free 
States  of  12,000  men,  who  would  take  with  them 
their  families,  or  collect  them  around  them  in  Texas, 
would  be  a  stock,  with  those  whom  they  would  find 
there,  from  which  would  spring  at  once  a  new 
State,  to  be  independent  of  other  Texan  influence, 
and  to  be  free  in  its  institutions  and  manners. 


13 

Such  an  emigration  is  not  extravagant  or  impos- 
sible. It  is  for  young  men  and  women  who  propose 
to  go  westward,  to  remember  the  cause  of  freedom 
and  of  their  country,  and  travel  southward  rather 
than  northward ;  to  turn  to  Texas  and  its  mild  cli- 
mate rather  than  Wisconsin  and  its  more  inclement 
air.  Let  them  associate  together,  and  they  may 
have  at  once  the  strength  and  comfort  of  a  village 
in  their  new  home.  It  is  for  the  organizations 
which  have  opposed  the  admission  of  Texas,  to  take 
measures  for  the  same  end,  now  that  that  admission 
is  sure.  A  twentieth  part  of  the  petitioners  against 
the  annexation,  may  strip  the  annexation  of  its 
worst  evils.  It  is  for  men  of  capital  to  look  to  the 
interest  of  the  Union,  and  make  such  purchases  of 
land  in  Texas  that  they  may  assist  the  poor  settler 
who  has  no  money  to  establish  himself  there ;  but 
who  has  a  true  heart,  and  will  have  a  true  vote, 
when  he  arrives  there.  And  if  these  will  labor  in 
the  cause,  God  will  watch  the  issue  ;  and  the  con- 
quest of  Texas,  by  the  peaceful  weapons  of  truth, 
of  freedom,  of  religion,  and  of  right,  will  be  sure. 


APPENDIX. 


(A.)  See  p.  4.  We  take  from  the  Boston  Advertiser  the  fol- 
lowing computations  of  the  present  and  future  balance  of  power 
between  the  States. 

It  is  the  common  habit  of  the  people  of  this  country,  to  look 
forward  with  complacency  to  the  prospect  of  the  future  growth 
of  the  country  in  numbers,  wealth  and  power;  and  therefore  an 
increase  of  territory,  especially  if  it  be  such  a  territory  as  is  ca- 
pable of  sustaining  a  thinking  population,  is  conceived  to  be,  as 
a  matter  of  course,  a  desirable  acquisition.  There  are  many  who 
are  accustomed  to  make  calculations  of  the  rate  of  increase,  by 
which  the  country  will  become,  in  the  course  of  a  few  years,  one 
of  the  most  powerful  nations,  not  merely  of  the  Western  conti- 
nent, but  of  the  civilized  world.  The  ratio  of  increase  which 
has  governed  the  growth  of  our  population  since  the  declaration 
of  independence,  will,  according  to  these  calculations,  in  the 
space  of  another  fifty  years,  swell  the  population  of  the  country 
to  80,000,000. 

Long  before  this  period   shall  arrive,  they  argue  that  the  seat 
of  power,  and  the  centre  of  population,  will   be  transferred  from 
the  Atlantic  States  to  the  Western  side  of  the  mountains. 
********** 

To  give  the  proper  extension  to  the  vast  empire  of  which  this 
rich  country  is  to  become  the  seat,  and  to  give  it,  as  well  as  the 
territory  of  the  United  States,  a  more  regular  conformation,  the 
annexation  of  Texas  is  necessary.  By  this  annexation,  also,  the 
object  is  expedited  and  rendered  more  sure,  of  transferring  the 
centre  of  population  and  influence  to  the  banks  of  the  Mississip- 
pi. With  this  addition,  and  without  allowing  any  great  prepon- 
derance to  Oregon,  the  precise  centre  will  be  upon  the  father  of 
waters,  and  in  a  very  few  years  there  will  be  no  contest  for  the 
supremacy,  between  the  East  and  the  West.  The  only  contest 
for  the  seat  of  empire  will  be  between  St.  Louis  and  perhaps 
Memphis,  or  some  other  city  to  be  erected  upon  the  banks  of  the 


15 

Mississippi,  instead  of  retaining  it  where  the  seat  of  government 
is  now  placed,  upon  the  banks  of  the  Potomac. 

**##**#### 

The  present  number  of  States  being  26,  the  bills  now  reported 
in  the  House  of  Representatives,  providing  for  the  admission  of 
Iowa  and  Florida,  with  a  provision  for  a  future  subdivision  of  the 
latter  into  two  States;  and  Wisconsin  being  now  by  its  popula- 
tion entitled  to  admission  whenever  it  shall  request  it,  we  have 
30  States,  independently  of  Texas.  Should  the  proviso  for  the 
subdivision  of  Florida  be  rejected,  [as  it  since  has  been,]  the 
number  of  States  will  be  29  ;  with  the  addition  of  six  States 
from  Texas  the  number  will  be  35,  and  with  another  from  Flori- 
da, 36.  The  balance  of  States  will  then  be  as  follows : 

INCLUDING    TEXAS. 

Number  of  States.  Square  miles. 

Western  States,  21  or  20  990,000 

Atlantic  States,  15  321,400 

Slaveholding  States,  inc.  Delaware,  21  or  20  883,400 

Free  States,  15  438,000 

EXCLUSIVE    OF    TEXAS. 

Western  States,  15  or  14  672,000 

Atlantic  States,  15  321,000 

Slaveholding  States,  15  or  14  565,400 

Free  States,  15  438,000 

It  will  be  observed,  that  the  States  bordering  on  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  are  classed  with  the  Western  States,  and  that  the  West- 
ern Territories  not  yet  entitled  to  admission  as  States,  with  Ore- 
gon, are  not  included  in  this  computation. 

(B.)  See  p.  4.  The  injury  which  we  have  last  mentioned  is 
that  most  dwelt  on  by  Mr.  Benton,  in  his  conclusive  speech 
against  Mr.  Brown's  resolution.  That  resolution  admits  Texas 
as  one  State.  By  the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  no 
State  can  be  subdivided  without  the  consent  of  its  own  authori- 
ties. The  subdivision  of  Georgia  from  its  original  size  was  only 
obtained  after  long  delay,  by  grants  to  that  State  of  land,  and  of 
services  in  removing  Indians,  from  the  federal  government, 
amounting,  according  to  Mr.  Benton,  eventually,  to  more  than 
$20,000,000.  This  became,  then,  he  said  in  closing,  a  matter 
of  calculation.  If  it  required  twenty  years,  and  $20,000,000,  to 
induce  Georgia,  without  debt  as  she  was,  to  give  up  territory  for 
one  State,  how  long  and  how  much  will  it  take  to  induce  debt- 
ridden  Texas,  to  cede  territory  for  four  or  five  States  ? 


16 

(C.)  See  p.  9.     In  1S30,  the  population  of  the 

United  States  was  12,866,020 

In  1840,  17,068,666 


Increase,  4,202,646 

Of  this  increase,  about  600,000,  probably,  was  due  to  foreign 
emigration.  The  increase  of  population  from  other  causes,  then, 
was  3,602,646,  or  about  28  per  cent,  of  the  population  in  1830. 
We  take  28  per  cent.,  therefore,  as  the  ratio  of  natural  increase 
of  population,  in  ten  years. 

In  1830  the  population  of  the  free  Western  States  and  Terri- 
tories was  1,470,018 
In  1840  it  was                                                          2,967,840 


The  increase  was,  1,497,822 

Of  this  increase,  the  portion  not  resulting  from 

emigration  may  be  taken  at  411,604 

that  being  28  per  cent,  of  the  population  in  1830. 

The  increase  by  emigration  into  those  States, 

is  then  1,086,218 

This  emigration  was  almost  wholly  from  old  free  States,  or 
through  free  States.  The  population  of  the  old  free  States  in 
1830,  was  5,536,779.  The  emigration  westward  in  the  next  ten 
years  was  about  20  per  cent,  of  that  number.  We  take  two  per 
cent,  of  the  population  of  the  old  States,  therefore,  as  the  propor- 
tion which  shows  the  annual  emigration  from  them. 

(D.)  See  p.  10.  The  resolution  which  admits  Texas,  provides 
that  there  shall  be  no  slavery  in  that  portion  north  of  36°  307, 
the  Missouri  compromise  line.  Mr.  Adams  and  Mr.  Brinkerhoff 
have  both  declared  in  Congress,  that  no  pretension  as  to  the  ter- 
tory  of  Texas  ever  carried  it  within  a  hundred  miles  of  that  line. 
Mr.  Adams  says  that  he  never  knew  that  it  was  thought  by  any 
one  to  extend  further  north  than  34°.  The  government  map 
carries  a  strip  of  it  up  to  the  line  of  42°.  But  whether  this  sec- 
tion be  included  eventually  in  Texas,  or  not,  there  is  no  question 
that  it  is  a  mountainous  and  desert  region.  The  reasoning 
which  we  have  attempted  to  press  in  this  pamphlet  relates  only 
to  territory  farther  south. 


